1. Map the land

Start by determining the scope of the project by mapping the land that you are planning on including in the project. You can simply use a tape measure to calculate the dimensions of the property. It’s best to chart these measurements on some paper, digital notes, or an iPad. The preferred method from many landscape architects is to sketch these measurements onto graph paper (10 squares per inch) and create a calculation to keep your measurements and initial mapping to size. Also, consider and take into account the existing slope, trees, existing landscaping, water runoff pathways, etc.

2. Determine your theme

Now that you’ve got your map of measurements and have considered the existing elements of the project scope and property, you can bring to sketch your plan. But first, you have to determine your theme. What’s the story or drama of your project? Is it about gathering? Highlighting a view? Creating a centerpiece? Functionally saving water? Going native on your plants? This thematic story will guide your decisions.

3. Sketch your plan

Once you’ve got your story, you can begin to sketh a plan. Consider both form and function. A plan that overemphasizes form, such as just considering the plants you want but not pathways or spaces for entertainment, may fall short of the impact and potential of your project. Similarly, a solely functional project may not carry the beauty that’s possible through xeriscaping. We recommend starting with function, including pathways and entertainment gathering spaces, water runoff, slope, and remaining elements in the project space. From there, it will create some confinements and boundaries for your format, beginning with the form of your functional components and moving into adding plants, hardscaping, and decor.

4. Choose your hero

The foundation of a cohesive landscape design lies in maintaining a balance and theme to establish a visual story. Landscapes filled with random assortments of plants often lack visual harmony. We recommend starting with a hero for your project. This hero could be picking a favorite tree, centering your design around a functional gathering space,

began by picking a favorite tree, three preferred shrubs, and a couple of beloved succulents, as this was a xeriscaping project. Your choices will depend on your location and local climate.

While I lean towards a native desert theme, any landscape theme is possible. The “theme” plants should collectively contribute to the look you’re aiming for.

5. Incorporate hills, hardscape, and walkways

The circular drive was a predetermined element. I then incorporated a dry creek bed, a walkway to the side gate, a few hills, and an informal courtyard near the main entrance.

6. Position plants onto design

Incorporate plants into the design while keeping aesthetics and practical concerns in mind. Avoid aligning trees in a straight line, consider areas where shade is needed, be mindful of root growth, and strive for a natural look. Group shrubs in clusters of odd numbers, which typically look best. Notice how professional landscapes use a variety of plants but always in repeating clusters. Don’t hesitate to imitate planting ideas from other gardens!

Bushes should be used liberally to create a lush landscape; aim for three times as many bushes as trees if space allows. We finally added succulents, given their smaller size, they were positioned for visibility from the front and along the walkways.

7. Organize a watering system

Whether you already have an irrigation system in place or are planning to build one, it’s crucial to plan ahead considering the water requirements of your plants and the capabilities of your irrigation system. For our project, we placed the entire front yard on one watering schedule, so all the plants there had similar water needs. You’ll need to tailor this step to your climate and the specific water needs of your plants.

8. Construct from the ground up

Begin with installing irrigation lines, followed by constructing hills and hardscape elements like cement features, fences, or gravel walkways. Significant hills might require a small tractor or bobcat and some extra fill dirt. Plant installation is the next step, with decorative rock added last.

9. Procure plants and plant in stages

If you’re working with a large property, consider planting in stages to gauge how the plants acclimate. Especially since, in my experience, a well-planned landscape is lush with plants. Begin with your trees and a section of shrubs, then observe how they handle seasonal changes – they might require extra watering in the first summer. If a plant doesn’t seem to thrive, it’s preferable to lose a few than many due to environmental stress. Succulents can be temperamental during the establishment phase, often prone to sunburn or rotting from overwatering.

10. Install rock and final touches

Once your plants are successfully established and thriving, it’s time to add landscape rock, boulders, potted plants, furniture, and enjoy the visits from local wildlife.

Remember, even the most gorgeous landscape needs ongoing maintenance, which might include checking water lines, pruning, or potentially replacing or relocating a plant. However, I adore xeriscaping as it creates a lush oasis with little water and care, adapting to the natural beauty of the local environment.

How to get in the zone with your USDA hardiness zone.

When it comes to xeriscaping, the most vital piece of information resides in your local climate and understanding what plants can survive and thrive in your hardiness zone. Hardiness is the basic measure of what plants can withstand the coldest temperatures experienced in your location. In this article, you’ll learn the answer to “What is my USDA hardiness zone?” and how to begin planning your xeriscaping project based on understanding your hardiness zone.

Origins of Hardiness Zones

The concept of hardiness zones has a rich history spanning almost a century. In 1927, researchers at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University developed the first climate-based zone map in the United States. This original black-and-white map, updated several times over the years, consisted of eight zones that helped people assess the winter survivability of various trees and shrubs in specific regions.

The 1948 version of the Arnold Arboretum map introduced 10 color-coded zones, each representing the lowest average temperature experienced during the coldest month. These zones varied in their degree separation, ranging from 5 to 15 degrees.

In 1960, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) launched its own Plant Hardiness Zone Map, utilizing weather data similar to the Arnold map. However, the USDA made a significant change by dividing the country into 10-degree zones, creating uniformity. In 1990, the map was further refined, incorporating an “A” and “B” system that subdivided each zone into two 5-degree sub-zones.

The most recent update to the USDA’s Plant Hardiness Zone Map was released in 2012, resulting in a version featuring 13 zones, each with an “A” and “B” subzone. You can determine your zone by finding your area on the map, matching the color code, or using the USDA’s website tool that allows you to discover your planting zone via zip code.

The Role of Hardiness Zones in Xeriscaping

To grasp the impact of hardiness zones, let’s consider some examples. Columbus, Ohio falls into Zone 6a, while Houston, Texas resides in Zone 9a. Southern Minnesota lies in Zone 4b. But how does this information influence your plant choices?

Many perennials, shrubs, and trees come with labels indicating their compatibility with specific hardiness zones, alongside details about light requirements and projected sizes. These zone assignments are based on plants’ known ability to tolerate low temperatures.

It’s important to note that hardiness zones primarily relate to a plant’s cold tolerance and are less relevant for annuals, which complete their life cycle within a year, or tropical plants like houseplants that don’t undergo full dormancy during winter.

Additional Factors to Consider

While hardiness zones provide a starting point, successfully cultivating cold-hardy perennials and other plants involves considering various factors beyond these zones. Dave Whitinger, executive director of the National Gardening Association, emphasizes the importance of examining other environmental aspects such as soil acidity or alkalinity, precipitation levels, elevation, thawing and frost dates, and snow accumulation. These factors are equally critical alongside winter temperatures.

For example, Los Angeles and Miami both fall into the same hardiness zone, 10b. However, their climates differ significantly. Los Angeles experiences a dry, mountainous environment with notable temperature fluctuations throughout the day, while Miami has a wet, low-lying landscape with relatively stable daily temperatures. Although orange trees thrive in both regions with proper watering, cacti flourish in Southern California’s arid climate but struggle with South Florida’s subtropical rain.

Snowfall also plays a vital role. Snow-covered regions like New York, despite being classified in colder hardiness zones, can grow plant varieties that may struggle in warmer zones. New Yorkers have successfully cultivated fig trees by protecting them with snow, which acts as an insulator, keeping the ground temperature beneath it warmer than the air. Conversely, regions further south with milder winters lack this insulating snow, potentially subjecting plants to lower temperatures.

Choosing the Right Plants

While no universal map provides precise guidelines for your unique backyard conditions, numerous resources can assist you. Whitinger suggests consulting your local extension service, which collaborates with land grant universities nationwide to conduct research on various topics, including plants. These services offer scientifically accurate guides, articles, and location-specific information. Many extension services have informative websites, and you can reach out to them directly for personalized advice. They can recommend native plant varieties and suitable fruits and vegetables for your area.

Your local independent garden center or nursery is another valuable resource. These businesses specialize in growing plants adapted to your region and possess extensive knowledge about the best tomato varieties for your summers and common pests you may encounter. They can also guide you on the optimal timing for planting your flowers in spring, reducing the risk of late frosts.

Remember, as you gain gardening experience, you’ll develop valuable insights specific to your own yard. Begin by identifying your hardiness zone, and then expand your knowledge. By embracing xeriscaping principles and considering various environmental factors, you can create a stunning, water-efficient garden that thrives within your specific climate zone.

What is Xeriscaping, you may ask?

Well, Xeriscaping, pronounced “zeer-i-scaping,” is a landscaping approach that focuses on designing and maintaining outdoor spaces with minimal water usage. It originated from the Greek word “xeros,” meaning “dry,” reflecting its primary purpose of conserving water in regions prone to drought or with limited water resources. But hold on, xeriscaping is not just about saving water; it’s a holistic approach that emphasizes sustainable practices, plant selection, and creating landscapes that harmonize with their natural surroundings.

According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), residential outdoor water use in the United States accounts for nearly 9 billion gallons of water per day, with approximately 30% dedicated to irrigation. Traditional lawns alone can consume about 50-75% of a household’s water consumption. Unfortunately, inefficient irrigation practices contribute to significant water waste, with up to 50% of outdoor irrigation water being lost due to overwatering, evaporation, and runoff.

Overhead sprinkler systems, commonly used for lawns, are particularly prone to these losses. Many homeowners also tend to overwater their landscapes, leading to shallow root growth and increased vulnerability to pests and diseases. However, adjusting watering schedules based on local climate conditions, using technologies like weather-based controllers, and practicing deep watering can significantly reduce water waste.

Water-efficient landscaping practices, such as xeriscaping, have emerged as effective solutions to reduce water usage and environmental impact while maintaining visually appealing landscapes. Research shows that water-efficient landscapes can cut outdoor water use by 50-75% compared to traditional lawns, depending on the region and design. These findings highlight the importance of adopting water-efficient landscaping strategies to conserve water and create sustainable outdoor spaces.

First, some etymology

Now, let’s dive into the fascinating history of xeriscaping. The term “xeriscaping” was first coined in the early 1980s by the Denver Water Department, who cleverly combined “xeros” and “landscaping.” They were responding to water scarcity issues in the arid regions of Colorado. Since then, xeriscaping has gained popularity worldwide, becoming a symbol of responsible landscaping practices. It’s like the superhero of landscaping, swooping in to save the day (and the water).

But what are the basic tenets of xeriscaping? We’ll break it down for you:

First and foremost, water conservation is at the heart of xeriscaping. The goal is to minimize water consumption through smart irrigation systems, water-efficient techniques, and choosing plants adapted to local climate conditions. It’s all about working smarter, not harder, when it comes to watering.

Soil improvement

Next up, we have soil improvement. Healthy soil is the foundation of any successful landscape. Xeriscaping focuses on improving soil quality by incorporating organic matter, compost, and mulch. Think of it as giving your soil a nutritious meal, helping it retain moisture, promoting root growth, and reducing water runoff. It’s like giving your plants a VIP treatment.

Plants

Speaking of plants, appropriate plant selection is crucial in xeriscaping. We’re talking about picking the right plants that are suited to your region’s climate. Native and drought-tolerant species are the rockstars of water-wise gardening. They have evolved to thrive in specific environmental conditions with minimal water requirements. It’s like having a squad of plants that can handle anything Mother Nature throws their way.

Irrigation

Efficient irrigation is another key aspect of xeriscaping. This means using methods like drip irrigation or targeted watering systems that deliver water directly to plant roots. No more wasting water through evaporation or runoff. It’s like giving your plants a personalized hydration plan.

Mulch

And let’s not forget the mulching magic. Mulch is like the secret weapon in xeriscaping. It acts as a protective layer that conserves moisture, suppresses weed growth, and regulates soil temperature. It’s like the superhero cape for your landscape, keeping everything in check and looking fabulous.

Now that we’ve covered the basics of xeriscaping, you might be wondering where to begin. Fear not, my fellow landscape enthusiasts, I’ve got you covered with some starting points:

1. Evaluate your landscape: Take a stroll around your outdoor space and assess its current state. Identify areas that need improvement or where water usage can be optimized. It’s like detective work, but for your garden.
2. Plan and design: Let your creativity flow and sketch out your dream landscape. Consider the principles of xeriscaping and create zones based on plant water needs and aesthetic preferences. It’s like being an artist, painting with plants and rocks.
3. Soil preparation: Give your soil some love by adding organic matter, compost, and well-decomposed mulch. This helps improve its structure, water-holding capacity, and nutrient content. It’s like providing a luxurious spa treatment for your soil.
4. Plant selection: Choose plants that are adapted to your local climate